Gilamesh and Eygptian poetry Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gilamesh and Eygptian verse - Coursework Example These characteristics relax Gilgamesh and they become quick companions. Gilgamesh lives to overcome, ideally in the spotlight so everybody can see his quality. As he develops all through the story, this propensity blurs as he gets mindful of the mortality of every single living thing. The three subjects weave together to add stream to the epic sonnet. 3. Enkidu is the foil for Gilgamesh since he doesn't regard common wealth or favor. He acknowledges the benefits of development, having once been a wild man, yet he doesn't look for self-glorification as does Gilgamesh. Where Gilgamesh is audacious, Enkidu is careful and humble. A definitive foil gave by Enkidu is his passing contrary to Gilgamesh’s apparently indestructible nature. 4. Gilgamesh experiences stone scorpions and a ferryman on his mission to get everlasting status. He is additionally tested to remain alert for seven days and six evenings. To fluctuating degrees, Gilgamesh neglects to conquer every one of these obstructions. 5. Gilgamesh’s decimation of the ferryman’s vessel is run of the mill conduct for him. He is utilized to simply yelling and tormenting to get his direction. All the while, he decimates the very thing he needs to achieve his mission. He appears as though the sort of character that is given to making a move before he thoroughly considers the entirety of the results of the activity. 6. The divine beings took committee against the people they wrecked in light of the fact that their administration not, at this point satisfied them. People were made to serve the divine beings and do their will, yet the divine beings were not pacified. They lamented their chamber after they demolished all the living things of the earth aside from Utnapishtim, his significant other and all the creatures, gold, silver and so forth. Fortunately one of the divine beings told the dividers of Utnapistim’s house (not really the human) that he should construct a gigantic vessel to hold these things on the grounds that a flood was coming. 7. Gilgamesh neglects to remain wakeful in heaven for six days and seven evenings. He likewise neglects to eat the mysterious plant that he recovered

Ancient Rome-Roman Family essays

Antiquated Rome-Roman Family articles Human instinct leads us to be interested. Because of this we have gained a hunger for information about numerous parts of life - one of these is the past. The city of Rome was established in 753 B.C. By 275 B.C., it controlled a large portion of the Italian Peninsula. At its top, in the A.D. 100's, the Roman Empire secured about portion of Europe, a significant part of the Middle East, and the north shoreline of Africa. Roman culture was commonly steady and requested, with an away from framework and comprehended methods of getting things done; compositions from Roman occasions demonstrate this. There are numerous parts of Roman culture and culture, which give basic bits of knowledge into the regular day to day existences of this antiquated society; family life is one of these perspectives. Fathers masterminded relationships for their kids. Young ladies were frequently hitched when they were just 13, and young men were very little more seasoned. Be that as it may, it was normal for a young lady to be hitched to a more established man, regardless of whether he was twice her age. Relationships happened for social, business and political reasons; partnerships between respectable families for political and dynastic reasons were significant. Contemplations of property and social standing were a higher priority than affection. Numerous relationships were very upbeat and there are many composed and archeological sources portraying glad families with kids, be that as it may, some were horrendously miserable and there are sources to help this too. As in many social orders, the connection among man and spouse depended as much on the character of the people as on custom and law, however there was no uncertainty that a wife needed to comply with her better half. However we hear lit tle of mistreated spouses, and wives appear to have been genuinely regarded inside their family units, anyway this doesn't imply that ladies were not abused. This is demonstrative of the way that most of sources were composed by men. Initially called by the Latin title of paterfamilias, the dad advanced into the supporter of Roman Republican and early Imperial society. The dad... <!

Understanding Cultures People with Hofstede Dimensions

Understanding Cultures People with Hofstede Dimensions INTRODUCTION TO HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL DIMENSIONSThe original model of Hofstede was the outcome of factor analysis done on a global survey of the value system of employees at IBM between the years 1967 and 1973. This theory was one of the initial ones which could quantify cultural differences.The original theory that Hofstede proposed talked of four dimensions, namely power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. collectivism and masculinity vs. femininity. After conducting independent studies in Hong Kong, Hofstede included a fifth dimension, known as long-term vs. short-term orientation, to describe value aspects that were not a part of his original theory. Again in 2010, Hofstede devised another dimension, the sixth one, indulgence vs. self-restraint, in an edition of ‘Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind’, co-authored by Michael Minkov.Hofstede’s work serves as the base for other researches in cross-cultural psychology, inviting a number of researchers to study different aspects of international business and communication. These dimensions founded by Hofstede illustrate the deeply embedded values of diverse cultures. These values impact not only how people with different cultural backgrounds behave, but also the manner in which they will potentially behave when placed in a work-associated context.This is a brief overview of the six cultural dimensions:Power Distance: This dimension explains the extent to which members who are less powerful in a society accept and also expect that the distribution of power takes place unequally.Uncertainty Avoidance: It is a dimension that describes the extent to which people in society are not at ease with ambiguity and uncertainty.Individualism vs. Collectivism: The focus of this dimension is on the question regarding whether people have a preference for being left alone to look after themselves or want to remain in a closely knitted network.Masculinity vs. Femininity: Masculinity implies a soci ety’s preference for assertiveness, heroism, achievement and material reward for attaining success. On the contrary, femininity represents a preference for modesty, cooperation, quality of life and caring for the weak.Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation: Long-term orientation describes the inclination of a society toward searching for virtue. Short-term orientation pertains to those societies that are strongly inclined toward the establishment of the absolute truth.Indulgence vs. Restraint: This revolves around the degree to which societies can exercise control over their impulses and desires.THE SIX HOFSTEDE DIMENSIONS UNDERSTANDING COUNTRIES, CULTURE AND PEOPLEAccording to Geert Hofstede, culture is the mind’s collective programming that differentiates between one category of people and members of one group from another. The term ‘category’ might imply nations, religions, ethnicities, regions across or within nations, genders, organizations, or occupations.#1: Power Dist ancePower distance stands for inequality that is defined not from above, but from below. It is, in fact, the extent to which organizations and societies accept power differentials.Societies with large power distance are characterized by the following features:Autocracy in leadership;Authority that is centralized;Paternalistic ways of management;A number of hierarchy levels;The acceptance of the privileges that come with power;A lot of supervisory staff;An expectation of power differences and inequality.Societies that have small power distance possess the following features:Participative or consultative style of management;Decision-making responsibility and authority decentralized;Flat structure of organizations;Supervisory staff small in proportion;Questioning the authority and lack of acceptance;An inclination toward egalitarianism;Consciousness of rights.#2: Uncertainty AvoidanceUncertainty avoidance is the extent to which the members belonging to a society are capable of coping w ith future uncertainty without going through stress.Weak uncertainty avoidance comes with the following features:Undertaking risk;Flexibility;Tolerance toward differing opinions and behaviors.Strong uncertainty avoidance is represented by the following aspects:Tendency to avoid risk;Organizations that have a number of standardized procedures, written rules, and clearly delineated structures;Strong requirement for consensus;Respect for authority;Requirement for predictability highlighting the significance of planning;Minimal or no tolerance for deviants;Promotions depending upon age or seniority.#3: Individualism vs. CollectivismIndividualism set against its opposite collectivism defines the extent to which individuals are inclined toward remaining in groups.Individualistic cultures are characterized by:Fostering contractual relationships that revolve around the fundamentals of exchange. These cultures engage in the calculation of profit and loss prior to engagement in a behavior.Con centration on self or at the most very near and dear ones, and concern with behavioral relationships as well as own goals, interests, and needs.Emphasis on personal enjoyment, fun, and pleasure, over duties and social norms. They are a part of a number of in-groups which hardly have any influence on their lives.Self-sufficiency and value independence, and placement of self-interest over collective interest. Confrontation is accepted as an attribute.Stress on horizontal relationships (such as the relationship between spouse and spouse) rather than vertical relationships (such as the relationship between parent and child).The notion that they hold unique beliefs.Collectivistic cultures are characterized by:Behavior as per social norms that are established for maintenance of social harmony among in-group members;Considering the wider collective with regards to implications of their actions;Sharing of resources and readiness to give up personal interest keeping in mind the collective in terest;Favoring some in-groups (such as friends and family);Being a part of a few in-groups that have an influence on their lives. Rather than being individualistic, they have an increased inclination towards conformity;Increased concern regarding in-group members. They show hostility or indifference toward out-group members;Emphasis on harmony and hierarchy within group;Regulation of behavior with the help of group norms.#4: Masculinity vs. FemininityMasculinity and femininity revolve around the emotional role distribution between genders, which is again a prime issue in a number of societies.Masculine cultures possess the following characteristics:Clearly distinct gender roles;Benevolence has little or no significance;Men are expected to be tough and assertive with a concentration on material achievements;Much value is associated with mastery of people, nature, job, and the like;Sense of humor, intelligence, affection, personality are considered preferred characteristic traits of a boyfriend by the women;Understanding, wealth, and health are considered desirable characteristic traits of a husband by the women.Feminine cultures possess the following characteristics:Overlapping of social gender roles;Men, as well as women, are expected to be tender, modest, with focus on the quality of life;Emphasis on the non-materialistic angles of success;The preferred traits in boyfriends and husbands are the same.#5: Long-Term vs. Short-Term OrientationThis is based on the Confucian dynamism. According to the teachings of Confucius, the following aspects of life are evident:Unequal relationships existing between people ensure the stability of society.Every social organization has its prototype in the family.Virtuous behavior involves treatment meted out to others in a similar manner as one prefers to be treated oneself.So far as tasks in life are concerned, virtue comprises acquiring skills, working hard, education, being wise in spending as well as showing perseverance a nd patience.Long-term orientation (high Confucian values) reflects the following:A futuristic, dynamic mentality;Emphasis on a relationship order depending on status, and observance of this order;Emphasis on persistence and perseverance;Stress on possessing a sense of shame;Stress on thrift;Positive association with economic growth;Inclination toward interrelatedness represented in sensitivity toward social contacts.Short-term orientation (low Confucian values) is characterized by the following:Orientation toward past and present;Focus on respect for tradition;A comparatively static, more conventional mentality;Emphasis on saving face;Emphasis on personal steadiness;Focus on stability;Emphasis on reciprocation of gifts, favors, and greetings;Negative association with economic growth.#6: Indulgence vs. RestraintThe dimension of indulgence vs. restraint focuses on happiness. A society that practices indulgence makes room for the comparatively free gratification of natural and basic hu man drives pertaining to indulging in fun and enjoying life. The quality of restraint describes a society that holds back need gratification and tries to control it through stringent social norms.International Comparison of Culture on the Basis of Hofstede’s DimensionsWith respect to national scores on a scale of 1 to 120 (1 representing the lowest and 120 representing the highest), the following international comparison has been made between cultures:Arab, African, Asian and Latin countries have a higher score with regards to power distance index while Germanic and Anglo countries possess a lower score. For instance, Guatemala has a score of 95 while Israel scores 13 with a very low power distance, whereas the United States stands somewhere in between with a score of 40.So far as the individualism index is concerned, a substantial gap exists between Eastern and less developed countries on one hand and Western and developed countries on the other. While Europe and North America ar e highly individualistic, Latin America, Africa, and Asia score very low on the individualism index with strong collectivist values.Highest uncertainty avoidance scores are possessed by Latin American countries, Japan as well as Eastern and Southern Europe. The score is lower for Chinese, Nordic, and Anglo culture countries. For instance, Germany has a higher uncertainty avoidance index with a score of 65, compared to Sweden, which scores only 29.Nordic countries exhibit low masculinity, with Sweden and Norway scoring 5 and 8 respectively. Again, Anglo countries, Japan, and European countries such as Switzerland, Austria and Hungary have high masculinity scores.Long-term orientation is high in East Asia, moderate in Western as well as Eastern Europe and low in Latin America and Africa.Nordic Europe, Anglo countries, certain regions of Africa and Latin America have high indulgence scores, while Eastern Europe and East Asia exhibit more restraint.CASE STUDY OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES EXP ERIENCED AT A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN GHANADeveloping countries often lack native engineers, so foreign engineers are often deployed for sanitation and water systems in rural communities. This is necessary to reach the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) target for accessing sanitation facilities and clean water. However, often there is a failure to manage the project effectively due to existing cultural differences between local communities and foreign engineers. This case study of one such project in Eastern Ghana, supervised by a British engineer and project manager, explores some of the critical issues that can arise in a cross-cultural project. Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions have been considered here, namely, masculinity vs. femininity, power distance index, uncertainty avoidance index and individualism vs. collectivism.Issues experienced: The engineer expected the community to express their opinions regarding the sanitation and water project, including the procedure of the project, the design or any other facet that the community wanted to discuss. However, it was seen that apart from the elders and the chief, the community’s ordinary members had certain inhibitions regarding expressing their opinions.It was also noticed during the project that if individuals ever voiced their opinions, they preferred not to express opinions that conflicted with what others had expressed. For instance, on a particular occasion, the engineer asked the opinions of two women in a family. After the first shared her opinion, the second woman, who was younger, was asked to share hers, but she refused to do so. Instead, she said that her mother (the other woman), had already spoken.In another case, the engineer approached a woman, who had some problems in walking, for her opinion. In the village, she happened to be the only lady with this problem, so her opinion was sought in order to customize the design for water collection and sanitation systems accord ingly. However, this lady was reluctant to voice any opinion regarding this, as she felt that her own well-being was not so much significant considering the entire group. However, when the other women of the community were asked, one suggested a flat design so that the lady with the walking problem could collect her water easily.At the start of the project, the engineer could more or less comfortably organize the work schedule and ensure good progress. Many members of the community lent helping hands. However, when the project was drawing to an end, the chief showed a temporary loss of interest due to two reasons. First, his mother had died and he was arranging for the funeral. Second, he had an affair with a girl in a neighboring village and was more inclined to meet her than perform his duties.When the community members started returning to work, they seemed lethargic, and the engineer found it very difficult to complete the project within the stipulated deadline.Explanation of th e issues based on Hofstede dimensions:The community is from a culture that exhibits high power distance index, wherein subordinates are accustomed to abide by what their seniors tell them to do rather than following more democratic ways. On the contrary, the engineer came from a culture where the power distance index is low, with flatter power structures, wherein the authority and subordinates worked on more or less equal terms.The community is more collectively oriented, whereas the engineer belonged to a culture that is more individualistic. Therefore, the community gave preference to the group’s opinion instead of personal opinion. Therefore, when the lady with the walking problem was asked to voice her opinion, she was reluctant to express her personal opinion, as the majority of the community members did not possess her problem.Since low uncertainty avoidance and high power distance existed within the community, the members were more inclined toward organizing themselves as a n extended family, with the chief being the grandfather of that family. The main authority lies with the chief, who should decide on the best course of action.In contrast, the engineer’s culture was one with low power distance and low uncertainty avoidance. Hence, when the project was drawing to an end, the engineer wanted to gather in the other members of the community although the chief lacked interest. But since the chief was not there, the members expressed disinterest, which the engineer interpreted as lethargy.THE URGENCY OF MANAGING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AS PART OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENTManagers across the globe are increasingly facing the challenges thrown by the global interdependence of markets, and the human resources department in organizations is not an exception. When a common culture prevails, personnel management is not difficult since everybody has a common conception of right, wrong and accepted behavior. However, when team members come from different cultural backgrounds or the backgrounds of the manager and the team differ, it might lead to grave misunderstandings. Below is an analysis of how culture prevails across some of the major aspects of HR management.Recruiting The definition of a good candidate differs according to cultures. Those who express strong opinions, are outspoken and self-confident, are considered good candidates in individualistic masculine societies. Again in collectivist feminine societies, modest and ‘well connected’ candidates are good ones. Considering this, positioning as an employer in the USA (high on masculinity) is quite different from doing so in Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands (low on masculinity).Target Setting In Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, the USA and other low power distance cultures, targets are negotiated, while in high power distance cultures such as Italy, France, and Belgium, targets are set by senior managers.Training In high power distance societies, there is instructor -centric learning, while in low power distance societies, it is more learner-centric and interactive.Appraisal Most of the appraisal procedures are established in the USA or the UK, which are countries with high individualism and low power distance. Hence, as per these countries, the right way of performance enhancement is direct, frank feedback. However, this does not take into consideration that in countries with high power distance and collectivistic cultures, direct feedback is regarded as disrespectful and disgraceful.This cycle of recruitment, target setting, training and appraisal can be successfully used to manage people if it is culturally adapted. Relevant research and preparation is required for this.CONCLUSION The theory of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions constitutes a framework revolving around cross-cultural communication, which was devised by Geert Hofstede. The dimensions collectively portray the impact of the culture ingrained in society on the values of the members of that society. They also describe the relationship between these values and behavior, with the help of a structure based on factor analysis. In other words, this theory studies significant aspects of culture and provides them a rating on a comparison scale.So far as international business is concerned, the dimensions of culture form an important facet. Knowledge of the manner in which different features of a business are viewed in different cultures, can help a manager in understanding and sailing successfully across the international business market. In this article, we discuss the topic of Hofstede cultural dimensions by exploring 1) an introduction; 2) the six cultural dimensions of Hofstede framework, and using those dimensions to better understand cultures and people based on 3) a case study of cultural differences; 4) the urgency of managing cultural difference as part of human resources management; and 5) conclusion.INTRODUCTION TO HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL DIMENSIONSThe original model of Hofstede was the outcome of factor analysis done on a global survey of the value system of employees at IBM between the years 1967 and 1973. This theory was one of the initial ones which could quantify cultural differences.The original theory that Hofstede proposed talked of four dimensions, namely power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. collectivism and masculinity vs. femininity. After conducting independent studies in Hong Kong, Hofstede included a fifth dimension, known as long-term vs. short-term orientation, to describe value aspects that were not a part of his original theory. Again in 2010, Hofstede devised another dimension, the sixth one, indulgence vs. self-restraint, in an edition of ‘Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind’, co-authored by Michael Minkov.Hofstede’s work serves as the base for other researches in cross-cultural psychology, inviting a number of researchers to study different aspects of international business and communication. These dimensions founded by Hofstede illustrate the deeply embedded values of diverse cultures. These values impact not only how people with different cultural backgrounds behave, but also the manner in which they will potentially behave when placed in a work-associated context.This is a brief overview of the six cultural dimensions:Power Distance: This dimension explains the extent to which members who are less powerful in a society accept and also expect that the distribution of power takes place unequally.Uncertainty Avoidance: It is a dimension that describes the extent to which people in society are not at ease with ambiguity and uncertainty.Individualism vs. Collectivism: The focus of this dimension is on the question regarding whether people have a preference for being left alone to look after themselves or want to remain in a closely knitted network.Masculinity vs. Femininity: Masculinity implies a society’s preference for assertiveness, heroism, achievement and material reward for attaining success. On the contrary, femininity represents a preference for modesty, cooperation, quality of life and caring for the weak.Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation: Long-term orientation describes the inclination of a society toward searching for virtue. Short-term orientation pertains to those societies that are strongly inclined toward the establishment of the absolute truth.Indulgence vs. Restraint: This revolves around the degree to which societies can exercise control over their impulses and desires.THE SIX HOFSTED E DIMENSIONS UNDERSTANDING COUNTRIES, CULTURE AND PEOPLEAccording to Geert Hofstede, culture is the mind’s collective programming that differentiates between one category of people and members of one group from another. The term ‘category’ might imply nations, religions, ethnicities, regions across or within nations, genders, organizations, or occupations.#1: Power DistancePower distance stands for inequality that is defined not from above, but from below. It is, in fact, the extent to which organizations and societies accept power differentials.Societies with large power distance are characterized by the following features:Autocracy in leadership;Authority that is centralized;Paternalistic ways of management;A number of hierarchy levels;The acceptance of the privileges that come with power;A lot of supervisory staff;An expectation of power differences and inequality.Societies that have small power distance possess the following features:Participative or consultative style of management;Decision-making responsibility and authority decentralized;Flat structure of organizations;Supervisory staff small in proportion;Questioning the authority and lack of acceptance;An inclination toward egalitarianism;Consciousness of rights.#2: Uncertainty AvoidanceUncertainty avoidance is the extent to which the members belonging to a society are capable of coping with future uncertainty without going through stress.Weak uncertainty avoidance comes with the following features:Undertaking risk;Flexibility;Tolerance toward differing opinions and behaviors.Strong uncertainty avoidance is represented by the following aspects:Tendency to avoid risk;Organizations that have a number of standardized procedures, written rules, and clearly delineated structures;Strong requirement for consensus;Respect for authority;Requirement for predictability highlighting the significance of planning;Minimal or no tolerance for deviants;Promotions depending upon age or seniority.#3: Individualis m vs. CollectivismIndividualism set against its opposite collectivism defines the extent to which individuals are inclined toward remaining in groups.Individualistic cultures are characterized by:Fostering contractual relationships that revolve around the fundamentals of exchange. These cultures engage in the calculation of profit and loss prior to engagement in a behavior.Concentration on self or at the most very near and dear ones, and concern with behavioral relationships as well as own goals, interests, and needs.Emphasis on personal enjoyment, fun, and pleasure, over duties and social norms. They are a part of a number of in-groups which hardly have any influence on their lives.Self-sufficiency and value independence, and placement of self-interest over collective interest. Confrontation is accepted as an attribute.Stress on horizontal relationships (such as the relationship between spouse and spouse) rather than vertical relationships (such as the relationship between parent a nd child).The notion that they hold unique beliefs.Collectivistic cultures are characterized by:Behavior as per social norms that are established for maintenance of social harmony among in-group members;Considering the wider collective with regards to implications of their actions;Sharing of resources and readiness to give up personal interest keeping in mind the collective interest;Favoring some in-groups (such as friends and family);Being a part of a few in-groups that have an influence on their lives. Rather than being individualistic, they have an increased inclination towards conformity;Increased concern regarding in-group members. They show hostility or indifference toward out-group members;Emphasis on harmony and hierarchy within group;Regulation of behavior with the help of group norms.#4: Masculinity vs. FemininityMasculinity and femininity revolve around the emotional role distribution between genders, which is again a prime issue in a number of societies.Masculine culture s possess the following characteristics:Clearly distinct gender roles;Benevolence has little or no significance;Men are expected to be tough and assertive with a concentration on material achievements;Much value is associated with mastery of people, nature, job, and the like;Sense of humor, intelligence, affection, personality are considered preferred characteristic traits of a boyfriend by the women;Understanding, wealth, and health are considered desirable characteristic traits of a husband by the women.Feminine cultures possess the following characteristics:Overlapping of social gender roles;Men, as well as women, are expected to be tender, modest, with focus on the quality of life;Emphasis on the non-materialistic angles of success;The preferred traits in boyfriends and husbands are the same.#5: Long-Term vs. Short-Term OrientationThis is based on the Confucian dynamism. According to the teachings of Confucius, the following aspects of life are evident:Unequal relationships exis ting between people ensure the stability of society.Every social organization has its prototype in the family.Virtuous behavior involves treatment meted out to others in a similar manner as one prefers to be treated oneself.So far as tasks in life are concerned, virtue comprises acquiring skills, working hard, education, being wise in spending as well as showing perseverance and patience.Long-term orientation (high Confucian values) reflects the following:A futuristic, dynamic mentality;Emphasis on a relationship order depending on status, and observance of this order;Emphasis on persistence and perseverance;Stress on possessing a sense of shame;Stress on thrift;Positive association with economic growth;Inclination toward interrelatedness represented in sensitivity toward social contacts.Short-term orientation (low Confucian values) is characterized by the following:Orientation toward past and present;Focus on respect for tradition;A comparatively static, more conventional mentality ;Emphasis on saving face;Emphasis on personal steadiness;Focus on stability;Emphasis on reciprocation of gifts, favors, and greetings;Negative association with economic growth.#6: Indulgence vs. RestraintThe dimension of indulgence vs. restraint focuses on happiness. A society that practices indulgence makes room for the comparatively free gratification of natural and basic human drives pertaining to indulging in fun and enjoying life. The quality of restraint describes a society that holds back need gratification and tries to control it through stringent social norms.International Comparison of Culture on the Basis of Hofstede’s DimensionsWith respect to national scores on a scale of 1 to 120 (1 representing the lowest and 120 representing the highest), the following international comparison has been made between cultures:Arab, African, Asian and Latin countries have a higher score with regards to power distance index while Germanic and Anglo countries possess a lower score. For instance, Guatemala has a score of 95 while Israel scores 13 with a very low power distance, whereas the United States stands somewhere in between with a score of 40.So far as the individualism index is concerned, a substantial gap exists between Eastern and less developed countries on one hand and Western and developed countries on the other. While Europe and North America are highly individualistic, Latin America, Africa, and Asia score very low on the individualism index with strong collectivist values.Highest uncertainty avoidance scores are possessed by Latin American countries, Japan as well as Eastern and Southern Europe. The score is lower for Chinese, Nordic, and Anglo culture countries. For instance, Germany has a higher uncertainty avoidance index with a score of 65, compared to Sweden, which scores only 29.Nordic countries exhibit low masculinity, with Sweden and Norway scoring 5 and 8 respectively. Again, Anglo countries, Japan, and European countries such as Switzerlan d, Austria and Hungary have high masculinity scores.Long-term orientation is high in East Asia, moderate in Western as well as Eastern Europe and low in Latin America and Africa.Nordic Europe, Anglo countries, certain regions of Africa and Latin America have high indulgence scores, while Eastern Europe and East Asia exhibit more restraint.CASE STUDY OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES EXPERIENCED AT A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN GHANADeveloping countries often lack native engineers, so foreign engineers are often deployed for sanitation and water systems in rural communities. This is necessary to reach the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) target for accessing sanitation facilities and clean water. However, often there is a failure to manage the project effectively due to existing cultural differences between local communities and foreign engineers. This case study of one such project in Eastern Ghana, supervised by a British engineer and project manager, explores some of the critic al issues that can arise in a cross-cultural project. Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions have been considered here, namely, masculinity vs. femininity, power distance index, uncertainty avoidance index and individualism vs. collectivism.Issues experienced: The engineer expected the community to express their opinions regarding the sanitation and water project, including the procedure of the project, the design or any other facet that the community wanted to discuss. However, it was seen that apart from the elders and the chief, the community’s ordinary members had certain inhibitions regarding expressing their opinions.It was also noticed during the project that if individuals ever voiced their opinions, they preferred not to express opinions that conflicted with what others had expressed. For instance, on a particular occasion, the engineer asked the opinions of two women in a family. After the first shared her opinion, the second woman, who was younger, was asked to share her s, but she refused to do so. Instead, she said that her mother (the other woman), had already spoken.In another case, the engineer approached a woman, who had some problems in walking, for her opinion. In the village, she happened to be the only lady with this problem, so her opinion was sought in order to customize the design for water collection and sanitation systems accordingly. However, this lady was reluctant to voice any opinion regarding this, as she felt that her own well-being was not so much significant considering the entire group. However, when the other women of the community were asked, one suggested a flat design so that the lady with the walking problem could collect her water easily.At the start of the project, the engineer could more or less comfortably organize the work schedule and ensure good progress. Many members of the community lent helping hands. However, when the project was drawing to an end, the chief showed a temporary loss of interest due to two reaso ns. First, his mother had died and he was arranging for the funeral. Second, he had an affair with a girl in a neighboring village and was more inclined to meet her than perform his duties.When the community members started returning to work, they seemed lethargic, and the engineer found it very difficult to complete the project within the stipulated deadline.Explanation of the issues based on Hofstede dimensions:The community is from a culture that exhibits high power distance index, wherein subordinates are accustomed to abide by what their seniors tell them to do rather than following more democratic ways. On the contrary, the engineer came from a culture where the power distance index is low, with flatter power structures, wherein the authority and subordinates worked on more or less equal terms.The community is more collectively oriented, whereas the engineer belonged to a culture that is more individualistic. Therefore, the community gave preference to the group’s opinion in stead of personal opinion. Therefore, when the lady with the walking problem was asked to voice her opinion, she was reluctant to express her personal opinion, as the majority of the community members did not possess her problem.Since low uncertainty avoidance and high power distance existed within the community, the members were more inclined toward organizing themselves as an extended family, with the chief being the grandfather of that family. The main authority lies with the chief, who should decide on the best course of action.In contrast, the engineer’s culture was one with low power distance and low uncertainty avoidance. Hence, when the project was drawing to an end, the engineer wanted to gather in the other members of the community although the chief lacked interest. But since the chief was not there, the members expressed disinterest, which the engineer interpreted as lethargy.THE URGENCY OF MANAGING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AS PART OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENTManagers acr oss the globe are increasingly facing the challenges thrown by the global interdependence of markets, and the human resources department in organizations is not an exception. When a common culture prevails, personnel management is not difficult since everybody has a common conception of right, wrong and accepted behavior. However, when team members come from different cultural backgrounds or the backgrounds of the manager and the team differ, it might lead to grave misunderstandings. Below is an analysis of how culture prevails across some of the major aspects of HR management.Recruiting The definition of a good candidate differs according to cultures. Those who express strong opinions, are outspoken and self-confident, are considered good candidates in individualistic masculine societies. Again in collectivist feminine societies, modest and ‘well connected’ candidates are good ones. Considering this, positioning as an employer in the USA (high on masculinity) is quite differen t from doing so in Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands (low on masculinity).Target Setting In Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, the USA and other low power distance cultures, targets are negotiated, while in high power distance cultures such as Italy, France, and Belgium, targets are set by senior managers.Training In high power distance societies, there is instructor-centric learning, while in low power distance societies, it is more learner-centric and interactive.Appraisal Most of the appraisal procedures are established in the USA or the UK, which are countries with high individualism and low power distance. Hence, as per these countries, the right way of performance enhancement is direct, frank feedback. However, this does not take into consideration that in countries with high power distance and collectivistic cultures, direct feedback is regarded as disrespectful and disgraceful.This cycle of recruitment, target setting, training and appraisal can be successfully us ed to manage people if it is culturally adapted. Relevant research and preparation is required for this.CONCLUSIONCultural differences do impact businesses occurring in cross-cultural contexts. A lot of problems arise in matters of participation, communication and other relational areas. However, if business leaders or even the staff understands issues with respect to Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions, these problems can be analyzed through a different perspective, and necessary steps to address these problems can be taken.

Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness And Francis Ford...

The concept of evil is often associated with supernatural powers or creatures, especially in fictional and religious texts. Monsters born from fiction, such as vampires, witches, and werewolves, are thought to be models of evil. Beings that possess supernatural powers that defy human understanding or logic. Many popular horror movies depict evil as a dark force that surrounds these creatures and the concept has continued to grow in popularity through the decades. Similar depictions of evil are even associated with creatures and supernatural powers in religious texts from various cultures around the world. However, evil is arbitrary, not supernatural. Today s culture has popularized the idea of good vs evil but the concept is far more†¦show more content†¦In general evil was characterised as the opposite of good, in which good should prevail and evil should be defeated. This in turn coined the term of good vs evil. Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism, Hinduism, and many other rel igions all adopted the idea of good vs evil. The idea developed into many religions and it eventually formed into the belief of good vs evil. Prior to World War II there was very little philosophical literature on the concept of evil so the general agreement was that supernatural forces influenced good and evil. In the 19th century, the danger of evil was displayed during European expansion and the infamous Rush for Africa. The proper term in New Imperialism, which was a name given to the period of colonial expansion by European powers, Japan, and the United States. The time period saw a heavy pursuit of overseas territorial expansion. At the time first world powers were focused on growing their power, mainly through conquest and the exploitation foreign resources. During the era, these powers individually conquered almost all of Africa and parts of Asia, the wave of imperialism reflecting the rivalry between nations to obtain as much power as possible. However, this gave way to serious social implications that adopt the title of â€Å"The White Man s Burden.† The general attitude of first world powers towards other civilisations during imperialism was the need to bring civilisation to these people, whether they liked it or not.Show MoreRelatedA Renewed Sense Of Hopelessness : Americ an Sentiment Following The Vietnam War1395 Words   |  6 PagesHopelessness: American Sentiment Following the Vietnam War.† Since I’m interested in studying how film actively molded Americans’ interpretation of the Vietnam War, I picked Francis Ford Coppola’s film, Apocalypse Now, as my artifact. I thought that it would be a good choice because it’s one of the most well-known war films and it came out just a few years after the Vietnam War. This image from the beginning of the film shows napalm being dropped on the Vietnamese forest, setting everything on fire. - TheRead More Varying Interpretations of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now2628 Words   |  11 PagesInterpretations of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now   Ã‚  Ã‚   The true meaning of varying interpretations comes alive when one compares the two film versions of Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now have the same basic outline and underlying themes, however the plots, characters, settings, time, purposes, and points of view differ enough to create two extremely different effects and two entirely opposite movies. 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Even though Coppola based his movie off of Conrad’s storyRead MoreComparing Apocalypse Now and Saving Private Ryan1515 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Apocalypse Now and Saving Private Ryan Desai Abdul-Razzaaq HIST 1302 – American History II Mr. Daniel Bush Central Texas College January 4, 2010 The films Saving Private Ryan and Apocalypse Now were both critically acclaimed films depicting the dramas of war. They both had very realistic qualities and great cinematic values. The films had two great Hollywood directors in, Steven Spielberg

The Media Influence on Society Essay - 2086 Words

The Media influence on society According to Noam Chomsky, â€Å"What lies behind us and before us are very small matters compare to what lies right to the face.† The issue of the media influence on society’s cultural structure has frequently been debated. The impact on the audience by the media influences the interpretations of social order. Also, the media goes hand in hand with American politics. The information provided by the media is controlled by business cooperates and their economic interest that is shared by political elites. The media is responsible for creating different classes with respect to appearance, color, economic status, religion, and with the help of politics, advertisement because of the media’s powerful influence on†¦show more content†¦The news which reach public is filtered thought many steps. Among the most important are the business cooperates who owns the mass media, interest that extend beyond the United States and across the globe to different countries. The media is bias about the Israeli – Palestine conflict. If Israeli soldier die, the media without delay shows the coverage of crying mother and relatives. Audience learns more about died soldier. It is more certain that very less coverage is provided if hundred of Palestinian dies. This creates more sympathy for Israilian than for Palestinian living is America. The economic interest of the media owners are shared by political elites. Politicians and policy maker forms the second filter. These political elites have the power to access and influence the mainstream media and are themselves, part of the system dominated by cooperate money and interest. A good example is the Bush administration and their false statements made against Iraq and Afghanistan after 9/11 tragedy. The Bush Administration as well as the media began to influence people in a way breeding contempt for the Middle East. During the Bush administration the coverage of his speeches about War on Terrorism notifies that Iraq is harboring weapons of mass destruction; this speech convinced people they posses weapons and were ready to use it against America. ( explain how media went with the followShow MoreRelatedMedia And The Influence On Society958 Words   |  4 PagesThe Media and the Influence it has on Society Media plays a significant role in the way it can influence our culture. The media can produce positive and negative impacts on our society. It has the power to produce messages that can manipulate the way people think as well as influencing attitudes and actions taken towards the opposite sex. In the video Tough Guise: Violence, Media, and the Crisis in Masculinity Jackson Katz discusses that the rampant of male violence that affects American societyRead MoreThe Influence of Media on Society1266 Words   |  5 PagesThese ideologies are so prevalent in recent society that they have swayed the minds of those who were not interested enough to take a side on an issue, and this has caused a large increase in the amount of people who still believe in unlikely conspiracies or hoaxes. This has caused a large uproar and scepticism of the government, and with more evidence proving the governments secrecy, and conspiracy theories coming true, the citizens of countries are getting more par anoid of their own country andRead MoreThe Media And Its Influence On Society1096 Words   |  5 Pagesrather than society.† This means that a short and simple definition should be something like, only being concerned with what you want, and not caring about the wants of those around you. A similar word sociocentrism means â€Å"a tendency to assume the superiority or rightness of one’s own social group.† A simple definition for this would be, the view that your social group is better than others. So now that we have these two concepts and their definitions, how are they promoted throughout the media? The mediaRead MoreMass Media Influence on Society1476 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Media’s Influence on Society Over the last 500 years, the influence of mass media has grown exponentially with the advance of technology.  First there were books, then newspapers, magazines, photography, sound recordings, films, radio, television, the so-called New Media of the Internet, and now social media.   Today, just about everyone depends on information and communication to keep their lives moving through daily activities like workRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe media s the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that s power. Because they control the minds of the masses† (Ruddy, 2002). Malcolm X, a prominent African American human rights activist, strongly believed that the media played a vital role in how they make society perceive events and people. An issue that is present, historically and currently, is media contributing to racism. When news is reported involvingRead MoreThe Influences Of Mass Media On Society864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Influences of Mass Media on Society For the greater majority of the American society, the presence of mass media is a normal part of everyday lives. With the purpose of mass media being to educate, entertain and inform, the excessive violence, self imaging, and lack of full detail on world events, is having negative influences and unhealthy impacts on society. As early as the 1920s, a form of the media has been present in the American society. 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Along with it being persuasive, informational and a great so urce for entertainment it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240) and though someRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe media are full of countless things, they have completely changed the world we live in and are now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is almost impossible to live without the media. Along with it being persuasive, informative and a great source for entertainment, it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240)Read MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1167 Words   |  5 Pagesassociating with the media can make you believe differently. While the media commence to advance and develop an incomprehensible factor, the appearance of civilization begins to mold and sh ape as a reflection to equally match. Despite the element of using false advertisement or infringement, society is charmed by the sense of exhilaration that is generated by the media. Yet civilization remain uncomprehending to the natural effect that the media leaves printed on them. The media is one of the largest

World War One â€Life in the Trenches Free Essays

World war one –life in the trenches When men volunteered to fight in world war one, on the Western front, little did they know about the conditions they would be living and fighting in the trenches, and for how long this would all go on for. The Great War lasted for four years even though many believed they would be home by Christmas 1914 on till 11/11/1918(today know better as remembrance day). (See source A) Even if the men did know about many of the conditions in the trench they would most likely have still joined as many were pressured by two ways to join. We will write a custom essay sample on World War One –Life in the Trenches or any similar topic only for you Order Now irstly by women as they would press little white feathers into their hand another way was they would walk past with a desecrated look in their faces as described by Rifleman Norman Demuth in source B (see source B) and secondly by propagandas(posters)see sources C,D and E for some examples. Even though the war lasted longer than expected the conditions didn’t get any better for soldiers as the shortage of food got worse, diseases became more common e. g. Trench foot (where your foot rotted off in your boot), more rats moved into the trenches, no way to remove toilet waste from the trenches and corpses lined many of the sides and floors of the trenches helping to spread disease. It got so bad in the trenches many solider turned to shooting themselves so they could be sent home and see their friend and family they had left behind. But if you were found guilty of a self-inflicted wound (SIW) in the British Army the ultimate penalty was capital (death by firing squad. )But 3,894 British soldiers were found guilty of SIW but none were executed but instead sent to prison for lengthy periods. Basic trench and layouts(see sources f and G) The first job of any soldiers getting to the western front who wanted to survive the machine gun fire from the triple alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) was to dig down, making trenches. Frontline trenches were usually about seven foot deep and six foot wide. The front of the trench was known as the parapet. The top two or three feet of the parapet and the parados (the rear side of the trench) would consist of a thick line of sandbags to absorb any bullets or shell fragments. In a trench of this depth it was impossible to see over the top, so a two or three-foot ledge known as a fire-step, was added. Trenches were not dug in straight lines. Otherwise, if the enemy had a successive offensive, and got into your trenches, they could shoot straight along the line. Each trench was dug with alternate fire-bays and traverses. Duck-boards were also placed at the bottom of the trenches to protect soldiers from problems such as trench foot. Soldiers also made dugouts and funk holes in the side of the trenches to give them some protection from the weather and enemy fire. The front-line trenches were also protected by barbed-wire entanglements and machine-gun posts. Short trenches called saps were dug from the front-trench into No-Man’s Land. The sap-head, usually about 30 yards forward of the front-line, were then used as listening posts. Behind the front-line trenches were support and reserve trenches. The three rows of trenches covered between 200 and 500 yards of ground. Communication trenches, were dug at an angle to the frontline trench and was used to transport men, equipment and food supplies. Food in the trenches In the trench food was basic but was for many it was better than what families were eating back at home. Daily rations for a British soldier consisted of 20 ounces of bread or 16 ounces of flour or 4 ounces of oatmeal instead of bread, 3 ounces of cheese, 5/8 ounces of tea, 4 ounces of jam or 4 ounces of dried fruit ,? ounce of salt, 1/36 ounce of pepper, 1/20 ounce of mustard, 8 ounces of fresh vegetables or 1/10 gill lime if vegetables not issued, ? gill of rum or 1 pint of porter , 20 ounces of tobacco, 1/3 ounces of chocolate (optional), 4 ounces of butter/margarine and 2 ounces of dried vegetables. One British soldier said (source H) Tinned bully beef was the usual. we were always hungry. many times we only got one slice of bread,often without butter or jam,for breakfast and hard biscuits for tea. they were so hard that you had to put them on a hard surface and smash them with a stone. Meaning many did not get what they should have. Weapons One thing that played a big part in the war was the weapons They used * Handguns (e. g Webley Revolver, Webley Self-loading, Webley-Fosbery Automatic Revolver, Enfield revolver, Colt M1911 , Colt New Service, Smith ; Wesson M1917 revolver, Smith ; Wesson Model 10, Smith amp; Wesson Triple Lock, Lancaster pistol, Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless, and Mauser C96) * Rifles(e. g. Lee-Enfield, Lee-Metford, Pattern 1914 Enfield, Martini-Enfield, Martini-Henry, Ross rifle , Winchester Model 1894, Winchester Model 1895, Winchester Model 1907, Type 30 rifle, Type 38 rifle, Type 38 cavalry rifle, Mauser-Vergueiro, andPeriscope rifle) * Machine Guns(e . g. Vickers machine gun, Maxim gun, Lewis Gun, Hotchkiss Mark I, M1895 Colt-Browning machine gun and M1917 Browning machine gun) * Shotguns(e. g Sawn-off shotgun and Double-barreled shotgun) * Anti-tank weapons(e. . Elephant gun) * Grenades(e. g Grenade, No 1 Hales; Rifle grenades, 2, 3, 4 Hales; No. s 5, 23, 36 Mills; No. 6 Grenade; No. s 8, 9 Double Cylinder Jam Tin; No. 13 Battye; No. 15 Ball grenade; No. 27 Smoke Grenade and No. 34 Egg grenade) * Mortars(e. g 2 inch Medium Mortar, Newton 6 inch Mortar, Stokes Mortar and Livens Projector) * Support Guns(E. g Vickers-Crayford rocket gun * Swords(e. g 1897 Pattern, 1908 and 1912 Pattern Cavalry Swords and Claymore) * Bayonets(e. g M1907 bayonet) See sources G-L for examples of weapons. Diseases In the trenches there was a lot of disease from a common cold to trench foot(foot rotting off). 1. Trench foot- Many soldiers fighting in World War One suffered from severe trench foot. Trench foot is an infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and insanitary conditions. In the trenches soldiers stood fur hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. The soilders feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and the result was amputation. 2. Shell shock- Early symptoms of shell shock included tiredness, irritability, giddiness, lack of concentration and headaches. Eventually the men suffered mental breakdowns making it impossible for them to remain in the front-line. Some came to the conclusion that the soldiers condition was caused by the enemy’s heavy artillery. These doctors argued that a bursting shell creates a vacuum, and when the air rushes into this vacuum it disturbs the cerebro-spinal fluid and this can upset the working of the brain. 3. Trench mouth- It was a severe form of gingivitis that causes painful, infected, bleeding gums and ulcerations. . Trench fever is a bacterial infection that causes repeated cycles of high fever. Two different types of bacteria cause Trench fever. Bartonella quintana is carried by body lice and Bartonella henselae is carried by ticks. Symptoms are headaches, skin rashes, inflamed eyes and leg pains. Rats In the trenches Rats gathered in their millions infested everywere in trenches. Th ere were two main types of rats in the trenches the brown and the black rat. Both were despised but the brown rat was especially feared. Gorging themselves on human they could grow to the size of a cat. Toilets Loss of life Conclusion How to cite World War One –Life in the Trenches, Essays

Research for Senior Manager Impact of Social Media

Question: Discuss about the Research for Senior Manager for Impact of Social Media. Answer: Introduction In a highly competitive world, it is important for any organization to gain brand recognition, as well as to continue interacting with the consumers, lest the organization is forgotten and replaced by rival organization. The importance of social media marketing cannot be overemphasized, as the social media posts can be employed in order to drive targeted traffic, and also helps an organization build valuable relation with the consumers. However, there are various organizations which are still skeptical about the use of social media in business, and hence do not invest sufficiently in social media marketing programs. Hence, this particular research aims at highlighting as well as critically evaluating the effectiveness of social media marketing, as far as Hilti Corporation is concerned. The research intends to understand how far social media can affect the sale rate and business growth of Hilti Corporation, and to what extent it helps in enhancing the annual revenue of the organizatio n. Organization Overview Hilti Corporation is one of the most leading organizations in the market of UAE that de alsa with the machineries that are used in construction systems. Hilti Corporation has its operations in more than 120 countries (Hilti United Arab Emirates 2016). The main products in which Hilti Corporation has its specializations are: 1. Anchor systems 2. Chemicals for constructions 3. Machines for sawing, cutting and grinding 4. Fire stop 5. Machine demolition and drilling 6. Installation systems 7. Solar systems 8. Measuring systems 9. Faade mounting systems Aims and Objectives of the Research The main aim of the research is to find out the impact of social media on the business of Hilti Business. 1. The objectives of the research are: 2. To evaluate the impact of social media in Hilti Business 3. To study how Hilti can increase its revenue using the social media Research Questions The research questions for this research paper are: 1. What is the impact of social media in Hilti Business? 2. How can Hilti revenue increases using social media? Literature Review Many organizations in UAE made use of the social media so that they are able to promote their products during the time of festivals. The household products manufacturer, Procter and Gamble, which is based on Cincinnati used the social media to promote the complete range of products during Ramadan. The viewership of YouTube for the products of Procter and Gamble increased from twenty percent to thirty percent following their promotion in the social media. The similar blog presented a quote by Ali Faruqi that Procter and Gamble prefer to remain in the place where the customers will stay. Many organizations are using the social media to know about the feedback of the customers and solving their quires over the social media (Piller, Vossen and Ihl 2012). The organizations even used the social media to tailor make their products as asked by the customers. #Etihadsuggests is one such campaign by Etihad Airways had attempted to customize their products and promoting them in social media by giving the suggestions to the customers regarding travel and tourism. It was after the advent of Arab Spring that the organizations came to know about the strength of the social media and the engagement of the consumers. However, it was found that Twitter was famous than face book in UAE. On the contrary, the social media affected many organizations negatively. As per the report published by Nexgate, out of every five Facebook account that claim to present Fortune-500 companies are not authorized. As a result, the fotuene-500 companies have to face at least one incident on social media every day. The misuse of social media can be seen in Facebook. The negative effect of social media not only affected the business of the organization but also the brand image of the organization. Some of the examples of such can be seen through the problems faced by a restaurant chain in Chipotle. The hackers changed their profile picture by a swastika avatar and posted comments that are offensive to the public in their Twitter Handle. However, Chipotle is not responsible for such issues, but they had to apologize to the public for the content that was published. Etihad Airways also had to face similar consequences when 10th may 2015, Flight 650 carrying 128 passengers had to be diverted to a military base after getting a threat in their Twitter account. Later no attack was made and Etihad Airways concluded that the threats were just the work of the hackers. Thus, it can be said that the organizations have to decide the correct way to use the social media for their business. It can help in generating the revenue for an organization or can tarnish the image of the organization resulting in huge losses for the organization. Social media will be helpful for any organization to reach the customers and make their presence felt in the market. The organization can make use of social media for its business but with proper measures and checklist. Research Design and Methodology Data Collection Method Both the secondary and the primary data will be collected for this research paper. A survey has been conducted with the Hilti employees and analysis of data has been done. They will respond on the impact of social media on the buying habits of the customers as far as the products of the Hilti Corporation are concerned (Bryman and Bell 2015). On the other hand, the secondary data that will be in the form of previous research works by other authors will be helpful for the research to get an idea about the impact of social media on the business Sampling Method Two types of sampling methods that can be incorporated in the research papers 1. Probability sampling 2. Non-probability sampling When the number of participants cannot be measured in the beginning of the research. The person carrying out the research has to depend on the evidence and the participants that will come in their way, then probability sampling will be used in that research work (Denscombe 2014). On the contrary, there are certain research works where the numbers of participants are known from the beginning, and then the person who is carrying out the research will adopt non-probability sampling (Polonsky and Waller 2014). For the present research, non-probability sampling will be taken into consideration. The numbers of participants are known from the beginning. The exact data and facts are also taken into considerations that will be helpful for the research work. Ethical Issues An ethical issue is an important part of the research that should be taken care once there are a number of participants taking part in the research. It will be taken care that none of the participants are forced to take part in the research. The personal information of the participants is one of the sensitive parts of the research work (Wilson 2014). The personal information of the participants would not be published if the participants were unwilling to share their personal information in any external place. A proper environment should be provided to the participants while they are answering the questions, they should get a healthy and spacious place, and the place should not cause any danger to the participants (Smith and Blumenthal 2012). Special attention will be given while accessing the secondary data as well (Miller et al. 2012). Many sites do not let a visitor access the full documents. None of the unethical ways will be used to access the sites. Either the required amount will be paid to access the site or some other sites will be used to write the information in the research paper (Sarantakos 2012). Research Limitations Some employees might have had some issues with the usage of social media. Hence, even if the social media marketing has benefitted the business, they might not share their experience. As a result, exact result might not be achieved from the interviews. Many websites limit the access of the information to certain users. The users will have to a pay a certain amount of price to access the entire amount. In such a situation, much information might not be incorporated in the research paper . As a result, some of the instant information and data might be missed out from the research. Time Table Task 1st 2 3 4 5 6 7 Secondary Data Collection Preparation of assessment tools Contacting with the respondents Collection of Primary Data : Presentation of the Primary Data Compilation and Analysis of Primary Data Report Submission Introduction: Gone are the days when business is all about making purchase and sale of products and service. In a highly competitive world of business, each consumer is offered the opportunity of choosing his products, from a variety of options laid before him. Herein lies the importance of choosing the most effective and innovative form of promotional strategy, so that an organization can reach out to a huge number of people in the shortest possible time. Keeping in consideration, the significant role social media plays in the life of tech-obsessed people in todays world, it is important to note that social media plays a vital role in influencing the purchasing decision of the consumers. Social media form of marketing has been enjoying a phenomenal success in engaging the consumers with the products, service and brand of an organization (Aral et al. 2013). Hilti Corporation is a very recognized Liechtenstein multinational organization thatdeals with the manufacture of products used for building, construction and mining industries. Hilti Corporation has opted for social media marketing, and employs different social media tools, for sales promotion, as well as for tracking the changing consumer demands (Hinterhuber and Liozu 2015). Background and problem statement: Hilti Corporation has been offering innovative solutions to the customers of the building maintenance and construction industries. However, even the most recognized organizations need to keep on updating the consumers about their latest products, discounts, or achievement, lest they are forgotten. This is the reason, why Hilti Corporation has chosen the social media form of marketing. The benefits from social media marketing can surpass the benefits of print media marketing, as social media help in selling the product, while building a valuable relation with the consumers. Social media tools help an organization in informing its consumers about the recently launched products and service. They promote the product, in a much friendlier manner, rather than adopting the typical commercial approach. Social media tools such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram help an organization in a multiple ways, but however, at the same time, it is important to understand how far the social media tools inf luence a consumer. Hilti Corporation has been employing social media form of marketing over the last years, and it has been updating its consumers about the new service and attractive discounts, via Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and LinkedIn (Stelzner 2012). However, it is important for the management authority of Hilti Corporation to understand and evaluate the way in which the existent or the new consumers respond to this form of promotional strategy. The management authority of each organization must be well-informed about how the consumers respond to the tweets or the Facebook posts, promoting their products and services. Any business organization works with the aim of profit maximization. Hilti Corporation invests adequate time and money for social media marketing, and so it should understand how social media helps the organization in increasing product sales and gaining greater recognition . Research Aim: Hilti Corporation has been employing social media marketing, as an effective tool for interacting with the consumers and promoting the sale of its products. Keeping this in consideration, the aim of the research is to understand and critically analyze the impact of social media on the consumers of Hilti Corporation. Objective of study: The objectives of the research are as follows: 1. To investigate the impact of social media on the business of Hilti Corporation 2. To understand how can Hilti Emirates influence the purchasing decision of the consumers, and enhance its profitability, by earning more revenue Research Questions: The research questions are as follows: 1. What is the impact of social media in Hilti business? 2. How can Hilti Corporation increase its revenue using social media? Significance of the research: Social media tools have become extremely popular among the masses, and almost everyone enjoys access to social media tools, for the purpose of recreation. Taking advantage of the new trend of social media, business organizations such as Hilti Corporation is also promoting their service on the social platforms. However, it is important to understand how and to what extent does the online presence of Hilti Corporation influence the consumers in buying their products, and availing their services. The research will throw a light on the effectiveness of the social media marketing strategy adopted by Hilti Corporation. The research will help the organization understand the areas where any improvement may be needed, as far as the social media marketing strategy is concerned. Structure of the Research: First, the topic is introduced, and the background of the topic is discussed in detail. After discussing the aims and objectives of the research, the research will be carried out by employing qualitative and quantitative data. On the one hand, the articles and journals will be used as informative sources of knowledge about the concerned topic; on the other hand survey will be conducted for understanding the situation at hand. Based on the information collected, the data will be analyzed to understand and critically evaluate the impact social media exercises on Hilti Corporation. Accordingly, necessary recommendations will be made, if necessary (Pickard 2012). Literature Review: Nowadays, a huge number of people invest most of their time during leisure, using various social media sites. It is no shocking fact that the latest report by Global Web Index reported that the internet accounts for as much as 57% of global media consumption, out of which social media accounts for 26% of peoples media time (Trainor et al. 2015) . The report also claims that social media has already outrivaled ordinary digital media, such as television, and hence it has become extremely popular among the masses. The greatest benefit of social media in business is that it can reach out to a wide number of people, at the least possible rate. As a result of deploying social media form of marketing, an organization can get greater exposure, and can interact with the consumers on a daily basis. In turn, the organization can succeed in creating a loyal customer base. Figure 1: Figure Showing the Growth of Social Media Usage Over the Last Years Source: (Rapp et al. 2013) As it is evident from the above figure, the number of people using social media has considerably grown over the years, and as such creating a Facebook page or opening up a Twitter account, can significantly influence the purchasing decision of the consumers. According to the Social Media Marketing Industry Report of 2015, approximately 92% of the organizations claimed that social media enhanced their profitability, and rendered them greater recognition than before (Gensler et al. 2013). The most important feature of social media marketing is that it enables the organization in knowing the target group of audience, with the help of Google+, Facebook, and other social media tools. This filtered search helps an organization attract the attention of the consumers who are in need of availing its service, or are willing to purchase the kind of products produced by it. The Deloitte report highlighted the importance of social media marketing strategy in case of large, multinational organizations as well. The report stated that a huge number of consumers who use social media, are four times more likely to consume a product than those who are not regular users of social media. Social media creates a virtual world, where an organization can promote its product, by creating an element of personal touch in the content of the advertisement. A story-telling mode of narration is used while advertising about a product on Instagram, and if the content is meaningful and effective enough to create an impact on the mind of the consumer, he will easily be persuaded to buy it; Again, when an individual finds his friends and relatives expressing their admiration for a specific product, by liking, and sharing the product, the individual is also likely to consume the product. The effective use of social media marketing strategy can remarkably help an organization in gaining competitive advantage over the rival organizations. High quality service and promotion go hand in hand. If an organization focuses chiefly on the production of its products, and dismisses the importance of informing the consumers about the exclusive benefits it offers, it will fail to influence the buying decision of the consumers. Hilti Corporation is a large organization, and despite the huge recognition it has earned over the years, it actively employs social media tools for engaging with the consumers, and for gaining greater exposure, and for improving the sale. According to the Forbes magazine, social media presence enables an organization in multiple ways, and directly contributes to its success. It drives purchase, it engages the consumers in a more active way, builds a strong relation with them, and allows an organization to understand if the consumer is liking the product or not. Similarly, the consumers are also mostly pre-occupied with their own works, and as such social media marketing allows them to be informed about their favorite products as per their convenience Research Design and Methodology Research Method A research method is required to be chosen in order to conduct a research smoothly. For conducting any sort of research, data has to be collected, so that the same can be analyzed subsequently to reach a specific conclusion about the problem at hand. Hence, there should be a proper research design, stating the process of data collection. Here, in case of the present research, both Qualitative as well as Quantitative method of data collection is being used. The Qualitative method of data collection helps in gaining a critical insight into the problem, based on the books, journals and articles written by others. Again, the Quantitative method of data collection helps in understanding the problem in the light of present situation, by interpreting the statistical data collected through survey (Chang et al. 2016). Research Approach: The entire process of research is carried out by the employing the Deductive method of research approach. Social media marketing and promotional strategy has always been known to have a remarkable influence on the consumers, and as such taking this fact compelling, the research is being undertaken to test the validity of the truth. The research is being undertaken by moving from the general to the specific; at first the theories are being read, and then survey is being conducted to test the hypothesis. Figure 2: Deductive Method of Research Source: (Bryman et al. 2015) Research Strategy: Any research should have a proper framework showing the basic structure, as to how the research is being conducted. There are two kinds of research philosophy that can be adopted in a research- Positivism and Interpretivism. Positivist research philosophy upholds the view that only factual knowledge gained through observation is to be considered real, and hence here the researcher relies on data collection and objective interpretation of the data for reaching the conclusion. On the other hand, in case of Interpretivism, the researcher relies more on personal interviews and subjective observations, to understand the personal viewpoint of each respondent. Here, Positivist paradigm is being used as it involves a scientific, objective approach to a problem, based on the experimental and manipulative methods. As a result of the Positivist approach, the research is based solely on the information gathered, and is absolutely free from any sort of bias on part of the researcher (Sarantakos 2 012). The data will be is collected with the help of both qualitative as well as quantitative research method. The qualitative method of data collection helps in gaining a critical insight into the relation that exists between the use of social media tools and the success of an organization (Ritchie et al. 2013). On the other hand, the quantitative method helps in recording the immediate response of the employees about the extent to which they have been able to influence the consumers of Hilti Corporation. For conducting the survey effectively, the appropriate sampling method has to be adopted. It enables choosing the right target audience, in providing response to the questions. The questions asked in the survey are based on the relation between the social media marketing strategy adopted by Hilti Corporation, and the extent to which it influences the consumers. For this reason, the stratified sampling method is being used (Levi and Lemishow 2013). In this method, the subset of pop ulation selected, shares two important common characteristics: Each of the respondents is an employee of Hilti Corporation Each of the respondents uses social media tools, almost on a regular basis. The survey was conducted on 30 employees whereby they were provided with a questionnaire, and the respondents were required to tick the most suitable answer out of five alternatives provided in the form of a statement. It is quite tough to approach each employee in person for completing the survey, and hence a few surveys were being done by emailing the questionnaire to the particular respondents. Data Collection Method Data collection is a process by which the data is collected and gathered, so that it can be analyzed. There are two methods by which the data for a particular research is collected: Qualitative method Quantitative Method (Mathhews and Ross 2014) In this research, data is collected by employing both the methods. At first, the literary articles, journals and books were being thoroughly read. These secondary sources of knowledge were being collected to get a comprehensive knowledge about the impact social media exercises in the minds of the consumers, and how it contributes to the organizational success. However, this form of qualitative data collected helps in getting general conclusion from the specific business situations, and hence to get a problem-specific solution, the quantitative method of data collection is being used. A survey is conducted whereby the different employees of Hilti Corporation, holding managerial designations, were being asked regarding their opinion about the effectiveness of the social media marketing strategy adopted by Hilti Corporation. The statistical data collected from the survey is being used to critically evaluate the effectiveness of the social media usage of large organizations, such as Hilt i Corporation. Ethical Issues: It is important to incorporate ethical and legal principles, in the process of conducting the research. Every researcher has a set of ethical obligations that he needs to adhere to, and the particular research is also conducted with ethical approval. The research has been conducted with the help of individual efforts and independent study, and does not involve any sort of plagiarism in the content. For the purpose of conducting the survey, no participant was being compelled to participate against his own will, and after participation no embarrassing or sensitive question was being asked. The respondents of the survey were being first informed about the aim and objective of the research, and then only were allowed to participate in the research process. Above all, the confidentiality of the data shared by an individual respondent has been maintained, and will not be disclosed under any circumstance, against his will. It was ensured that the research is being carried out without causin g any form of harm to the participants involved (Dave et al. 2016). Data Analysis: It is very important to analyze the collected data in a very accurate way so that one is not misled by the wrong conclusion. From the survey conducted, it was found out that 63.3% of the employees of the Hilti corporation has claimed that they agree with the fact that social media has played an important role in the success of Hilti Corporation. Furthermore, around 63.3% of the respondents have also agreed that social media tools help in the effective promotion of its products, thereby increasing its sales manifold. Although only 20% of the respondents said that social media interaction with consumers helps them to understand their needs of the consumers, 46.7 % of the employees admitted that social media has helped in increasing the number of consumers of the organization (Refer to the students file ). However, it should be noted that only a mere 23.3 % of the respondents found social media marketing to be more effective than any other traditional form of marketing, and hence discar ding the other advertising media, such as newspapers or digital media may not be a right decision. Again, 43.3 % of the respondents stated that Facebook or Twitter does not help sufficiently in knowing the consumer demand and expectations, and hence alternative strategy has to be adopted. However, 63.3 % of the managers have agreed that social media does help them sustain itself in a highly competitive construction industry. Findings and Interpretations: From the research, it was being discovered that creating a website and being present on the online platform has been one of the most effective strategies undertaken by Hilti Corporation. The social media tools, such as Twitter and Facebook have considerably helped Hilti Corporation maintain competitive edge. The organization with the help of social media tools, improves its responsiveness to the consumer queries, reaches out to a huge number of new potential consumers and enhances its brand image (Laroche et al. 2013). It has been observed that social media marketing strategy is undoubtedly an effective strategy for the promotion of products of Hiliti Corporation, but however, over-reliance on it is useless. Hilti Corporation should also invest sufficient money for advertising its products via emails or mobiles, as it helps in communicating the message individually to the respective consumer. Further, people have a natural affinity for newspapers and magazines, and hence employing pr int media will also be equally useful. Besides, despite the fact that social media plays an important role in the promotion of a product, Hilti Corporation must conduct surveys to know the demands of the consumers. Further, Hilti Corporation should rely more on Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software if it intends to understand the ever changing demands of the consumers. Conductive extensive market research can also help the organization comprehend the expectations of the potential consumers. However, social media marketing, as found from the research, is an effective way of surviving in a competitive market, and hence the organization must employ a social media marketing team, that will be entrusted with the duty of enhancing the brand recognition of Hilti Corporation among the social media users. Conclusion and Recommendation: Social profiles as well as websites can help in improving the brand image of an organization. It is a misconception that only small organizations should seek the help of social media marketing. Any organization needs to engage in the process of social media marketing strategy if it intends to influence the purchasing decision of its consumers. Hilti Corporation should adopt more innovative strategies for social media marketing. However, the authority should remain cautious lest any negative complaint or remark on these sites get viral, and malign the organizations reputation. The social media managers should not only focus on promoting the brand on the social sites, but should also ensure that any sort of negative comment is coolly dealt with, outside the social platform. It should be remembered that the consumers should not feel disgusted with the marketing campaigns on social media sites, and hence Hilti Corporation needs to create innovative ideas of promotion that will actively e ngage the attention of the consumers. Telling interesting stories, using catchy taglines, hiring celebrities to represent the brand on these social sites, can help the organization easily get the attention of the consumers. Future Scope of the Study: Any social site is usually used with the purpose of gaining new consumers, but however, the social sites can also be used in order to form a valued relation with the clients. Organizations like Hilti Corporation, should engage more in interaction with the consumers, and if necessary can reward the loyal consumers, by announcing them voucher winners, via social sites. This instant success and recognition a consumer gets overnight can successfully help in increasing consumer loyalty as well as developing the brand image. The organizations need to chalk out various new and innovative strategies through which they can easily draw the attention of the consumers towards the newly launched products and services. Social media marketing is the most effective and yet affordable methods of marketing that helps any organization advertise about their products, without making the consumers feel that they are overwhelmed by the organizations marketing campaigns. 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